Moving to Spain from the UK Post-Brexit >> How to Live in Spain

Spain is different. The estimated 300,000 Brits living there attest to that, and moving to Spain from the UK remains ‘The dream’ for many. A lower cost of living, fantastic lifestyle, and ‘300 days of sunshine’ make it an enticing prospect.

The good news is that despite the complexities of Brexit, realising the dream remains a reality. Our guide takes you through the key considerations, steps to take, and where to find the professional assistance you will need for your dream move.

Note: Brexit touches many areas of living in Spain. These are noted where relevant throughout the article.

Understanding Spanish Visa and Residency Requirements For British Citizens

Yes, Brexit has significantly changed the landscape. Since 2021 there are more and different hoops to jump through. But, having moved to Spain twice — once before Brexit and once after — I would argue it’s more different (with more steps) than harder.

READ ALSO: Financial Advice for UK Expats in Spain >> Top 10 FAQs

The Brexit Impact

Prior to Brexit, British citizens enjoyed the same rights and freedoms as other EU citizens. This allowed you to live, work, study, and access healthcare in Spain with relative ease.

Now, British citizens are considered non-EU nationals. This means a more complex set of visa and residency requirements must be satisfied to legally reside in Spain.

In practice, this means securing specific residence permits and work visas. Now UK citizens need to follow the same steps as Australians, Canadians, and Americans moving to Spain.

Before	After
Could move, live, work, study, or retire in any EU country.	UK citizens are classified as non-European citizens. This impacts entry requirements, duration of stay, and working in Spain.
Could easily obtain residency in Spain as EU citizens.	Must apply for a residence permit as non-EU nationals, with stricter requirements and procedures.
Had the right to work in Spain without a visa.	Need one of the work visas offered by the Spanish government and employers.
UK students did not need a visa to study in Spain.	UK students require a Spanish student visa to study.
Could move to Spain and stay for an extended period without a visa.	Must apply for a visa corresponding to the reason for staying.

Financial Requirements For Moving to Spain from the UK

One notable consequence of Brexit has been the increased financial requirements for British citizens seeking Spanish residency, with a higher income threshold now needed to qualify. Whereas previously, British citizens only needed to show €6,000 in savings, the new requirement is now an annual income of at least €28,000 or more depending on the type of visa. Students will be pleased to know that the Student Visa income requirement is an exception at around €7,000 per year.

READ ALSO: Spanish Tax System Guide – Expat Essentials 2024

Spanish Visa & Residency Types for UK Citizens: Which are Best for You?

One thing is for sure: a British national now needs a visa of one sort or another to live in Spain. Happily, there are several visa options available. These can be divided into groups: visas that allow you to work (divided into employment and self-employment) and those that do not.

Category	Sub-Catagory	Visa Name
Non-Work		Non-Lucrative Visa
Non-Work		Student Study Visa
Work	Employment	Employment Visas (5 types)
Work	Self-employment	Freelance (3 types)
Work	Right to Work	Investor Visa (Golden Visa)

It is worth noting that there are other visas that cover stays of over 90 days or that entitle permanent residence for very specific reasons (such as the Family Reunification Visa). These are not covered in this article.

Spain Visa Options

Which visa you choose should reflect as closely as possible the life you wish to lead in Spain. With this in mind, what follows are the main visas open to UK nationals described in more detail.

Note: The financial requirements for visas are the current 2024 amounts (carried over from 2023). Our Spanish immigration partner advises that these amounts may increase if the Spanish government passes an amended budget in 2024.

Non-working Visas

Non-Lucrative Visa (NLV)

If you are not planning to work in Spain, the NLV is for you. Colloquially — and completely unofficially — described as the Spanish Retirement Visa, it is ideal if you are retired or retiring to Spain. But it is open to anyone who can support themselves without working.

Income used to support your NLV application is deemed passive income — not derived from working. Preferably this should be regular and verifiable. Pensions tick both these boxes admirably.    

Read More In Our Detailed Guide: Non-Lucrative Visa Spain 2024

Student Study Visa

According to our research report Study in Europe 2023, Spain has three cities in the top ten best European Cities for Students—three! These are Valencia (3rd), Madrid (6th), and Barcelona (9th). It’s not hard to see why. These three cities (and other Spanish cities are available) offer students a heady mix of educational excellence, international experience, and the unique Spanish lifestyle, culture, and people.

Note: The Spanish Student visa allows you to study but not to work in Spain. The Student Work Visa is available should you wish to work while you are studying in the country.    

Working Visas

There is one simple fact about work visas in Spain: if you want to do paid work, you need one. The good news for UK citizens is that there are eight working visas to choose from (plus one that enables you to look for work). They are summarized below and covered in detail in our article: Spain Work Visa Guide – How to Qualify & Apply.

Additionally, the Investor Visa (Golden Visa) also allows you to work. This is covered separately as the working element is part of what the visa offers and not the primary reason for the visa    

Freelance/Self-Employed Visa (Permiso de Trabajo por Cuenta Propia)

From a business point of view, Spain embraces self-employed people as much as the rest of the EU and the UK, with around 15% of the workforce being self-employed. They work across diverse sectors such as Services, Hospitality and Tourism, Construction and Real Estate, Retail, e-commerce, and Health and Wellness.

As with all areas of Spanish life, there are a lot of administrative hoops to jump, and taxation rates are higher than the UK’s. However, self-employment can be a good route to establishing a life in Spain.

Digital Nomad Visa (DNV)

The Spanish Digital Nomad visa has been available since early 2023. It is primarily aimed at attracting entrepreneurship and bolstering Spain’s tech scene.

The DNV offers a range of benefits, including access to the welfare system, tax advantages, a low-income threshold, and the ability to bring family to Spain with you. It is open to non-EU freelancers and remote workers employed by non-Spanish companies.

Work Permit

A standard Spanish work permit is the most common option to take if you have been offered a permanent contract by a Spanish company. Jobs with a Spanish Work Permit are on a list of professions that Spanish companies find difficult to fill. In these cases, if they prove they cannot find a Spanish citizen to fill the role, they are permitted to seek non-Spanish workers, with the visa process streamlined.

The list — El Catálogo de Ocupaciones de Difícil Cobertura — is compiled and updated quarterly by SEPE (Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal). Professions are listed by each of Spain’s 50 provinces.

Highly Skilled Work Permit

This permit is a variation of the Work Permit. However, there are significant differences.

As its name suggests, the Highly Skilled Work Permit is specifically designed for highly qualified professionals, such as managers and executives. But, unlike the regular Work Permit, the employer does not need to prove there are no suitable Spanish candidates for the position. The Highly Skilled Work Permit also has specific minimum salary requirements — €54,142 for directors and managers and €40,077 for technical and scientific professionals.

The Highly Skilled Work Permit is issued for an initial three years, while the Work Permit has varying validity periods depending on the type.

Entrepreneur Visa

The Entrepreneur Visa targets projects that generate employment, attract investment, use advanced technology, and contribute to Spain’s socio-economic development.

Your business idea must have a robust original business plan demonstrating innovation. It must target a gap (or gaps) in the Spanish market. Patents, recommendation letters, or existing clients will help your application.

Entrepreneurs can move to Spain with their immediate family for an initial three years. One big advantage is a streamlined authorization process, with a decision usually received within 20 days.

Investor Visa (Golden Visa)

This visa allows residency in Spain based on a range of qualifying investment options. In May 2024, the Spanish government announced it intends to review the ‘Golden Visa’ program.

At the time of writing, the Golden Visa is still current and the range of investment options remains unchanged – we’re waiting on news but at present the program is still accepting applications. These include property, shares in Spanish companies, bank deposits, government bonds and business projects.

Visa Name	Investment Class	Minimum
Residency Visa for Acquisition of Real Estate (RIV)	Real Estate/Property	€500,000
Residency Visa for Capital Investor (RIC)	Shares in Spanish Companies	€1,000,000
Residency Visa for Capital Investor (RIC)	Bank Deposit (Spanish Bank)	€1,000,000
Residency Visa for Capital Investor (RIC)	Government Bonds	€2,000,000
Residency Visa for Capital Investor (RIC)	Business Project	No minimum

Insider Tip: Regardless of the visa you choose, I highly recommend consulting with an expert Spanish immigration lawyer. In my experience, the reduced stress and peace of mind are worth every penny.

Applying for your visa

By now, you will know — or have a pretty good idea — which visa is the most relevant to your plan to move to Spain. So, let’s look at what you need to do and the paperwork you need to apply. “Why use one form, when ten will do” often comes to mind when working with Spanish bureaucracy. But I counter this with: “Don’t fight the system, go with it.” In my experience, steadily jumping through the hoops and being patient (but persistent) will stand you well. Especially in this post-Brexit world.

Documents For Your Spanish Visa Application

Some basic documents are required for whichever visa you apply for. Original documents are needed and, in the case of the Police Criminal Record Check (ACRO) a Spanish translation and Apostille is necessary. (An Apostille is an official certificate verifying the document’s legitimacy and allowing it to be recognized and used abroad.)

Document	Translated	Apostille
Valid Passport	No	No
Police Criminal Record Check (ACRO)	Yes	Yes
Medical Certificate	No	No
Private Health Insurance	No	No

How to Apply for Your Spanish Visa

How to Apply for Your Spanish Visa

The following table summarizes what you need to have and do for each visa type. It includes additional documents required for specific visas.

Under How and Where to Apply, if you can only apply from the UK, you must do so from one of the three Spanish consulates — Edinburgh, Manchester or London.

For more detailed information on an individual visa, follow the link to our dedicated guide.

Visa	Specific Documents	How and Where to Apply	Process Time
Non-Lucrative	– Admission letter from the place of study – Proof of funds – A second form of ID (eg Driving licence) – Current Student ID Card	From the UK at your nearest Spanish Consulate	Two to three months
Student Study	– Admission letter from the place of study – Proof of funds – A second form of ID (eg Driving licence) – Current Student ID Card	From the UK or Spain	Three to four weeks
Self-employed	– CV – Qualifications – Business Plan – Proof of funds (to support yourself and launch the Business) – Form EX-07	From the UK at your nearest Spanish Consulate	Three months to review the plan, followed by 10 working days if the plan is approved
Digital Nomad	– Permanent employment contract with a non-Spanish company that has been trading for at least one year – Written permission to work remotely in Spain – Regular clients or freelance contracts. – Financial – one of: – Proof of salary/income – Bank certificate showing savings – A mix of income and savings	From the UK or Spain. Applying from the UK grants a one-year visa, from Spain three years.	Up to 20 days from application
Work Permit	– Job Offer – Proof the company cannot fill the role with an EU citizen (From the company)	Your company must apply	Three to four weeks
Highly Skilled	– Job Offer	Your company must apply	Three to four weeks
Entrepreneur	– Business Plan – Proof the company cannot fill the role with an EU citizen (From the company)	From the UK or Spain	Three months to review the plan, followed by 10 working days if the plan is approved
Golden Visa	Proof of the qualifying investments you have made	From the UK if you are a non-resident, or in Spain if you have a long-stay visa	Within 20 days

Your NIE Number, TIE Card and the Padrón

Congratulations! You have your visa and have arrived in Spain. The next steps are to obtain your unique foreigner identity number — the Número de Identidad de Extranjero — or NIE, your Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero (TIE) and register at your local town hall (ayuntamiento) for your padrón (Certificado de Empadronamiento).

NIE

Don’t worry that the Spanish are singling out foreigners for special treatment. Spanish nationals have an equivalent number called the Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI).

Your NIE can be considered your passport and National Insurance number rolled into one. You just about cannot do anything in Spain without it, administrative or otherwise. For example, I play in a local darts league. Before every match, we give our ID numbers—NIEs for me and DNIs for my Spanish friends.

It is important to understand the difference between your NIE and TIE. Your NIE is your unique number in the Spanish system. Once assigned, you have the number for life. All non-Spanish people in Spain (including non-Spanish EU residents) have an NIE.

Three important things about the NIE:

• It doesn’t expire
• It is not proof of residency or right to work
• It is not a card

Note: The number is always the same whether you live in Spain, move away, or return (as I have). I used the same NIE as before when applying for my current visa.

TIE

As the name suggests — Tarjeta (Card) — your TIE is a physical ID card. It is only issued to non-EU citizens who live in Spain. It is proof of your legal right to live (and work if your visa permits) in Spain.

Three important things about the TIE:

• It does expire and needs to be periodically renewed
• It is proof of residency and the right to work
• It is a card

For UK citizens living in Spain, the TIE allows exemption from having to register for the EU Entry-Exit Scheme, which will come into force in the Autumn of 2024. It will function as the ‘uniform-format biometric card’ that British EU residents have to show when entering the EU.

If you plan to stay in Spain for more than six months, you need a TIE. And to apply for a TIE, you must first have your NIE. Your visa will stipulate how long you have to obtain your NIE and TIE. Make sure to apply for both on time to avoid any delays or issues with your move to Spain.

Certificado de Empadronamiento (Padrón)

Also known as the Padrón Municipal de Habitantes (nearly always shortened to Padrón), this is a municipal register maintained in villages, towns and cities across Spain. It is similar to the UK’s electoral roll and is an official list of local inhabitants in a town or municipality.

The Padrón is a very necessary document in your Spanish life. It proves where you live and you’ll need it to access public services, register for healthcare, enrol in schools, and the like. You will also need your Padrón to apply for your NIE, TIE card and Spanish driving licence. You must register for the Padrón when you have your permanent address in Spain.

Applying for Your NIE Number, TIE Card and the Padrón

Applying for Your Padrón

It is best to obtain your Padrón certificate as soon as you have a permanent Spanish address. Given the vital importance of your NIE and TIE card, this may seem like putting the cart before the horse. But you will need your Padrón Certificate as part of your application process for both.

You will need:

• Passport. If you have your NIE from a previous time in Spain, it is advisable to use this.
• Rental agreement (or title deed (Escritura Pública) if you have purchased) or utility bill)
• Application form. In practice, this is usually completed by the person at the ayuntamiento)

Go to the town hall that covers where your address is. You don’t usually need to make an appointment. Check carefully that you have the correct town hall. Once, I moved less than two kilometres down the road, but it placed me under the neighbouring ayuntamiento.

The person you see at the town hall will complete the form online and submit the application to be processed. The time to do this varies by the town hall. I have known the Padrón to be issued there and then or take up to four weeks.

In some areas, you can apply online for the Padrón. Again, it is worth checking with your ayuntamiento.

Important note: Once issued, the Padrón certificate lasts for two years since you are a non-EU citizen. However, when using the certificate in a process (for example, applying for your NIE), it needs to have been issued or revalidated within the last three months. To revalidate, you have to go back to the ayuntamiento (or go online), which will issue a fresh certificate with a current date stamp.

Applying for Your NIE

This process has pitfalls if you don’t have a plan. The forms can look daunting, especially if you are just starting to learn Spanish. A mistake can return you to square one with unrecoverable costs. Therefore, we strongly encourage you to enlist the services of an expert Spanish immigration lawyer.

You will need:

• Modelo EX-15 NIE Application form
• Modelo 790 NIE form to pay the fingerprint fee (plus proof of payment)
• Your passport with photocopies of all pages
• Your padrón certificate plus a photocopy
• Proof of entry to Spain (usually taken from the stamp in your passport, but take copies of tickets and boarding passes)

Then, make an appointment at a selected police station or Foreigner’s Office (Oficina de Extranjeros). You can identify your closest one and book an appointment here.

Applying for Your TIE

Like your NIE application, you need to plan carefully when applying for your TIE. I strongly recommend you use the services of an expert Spanish immigration lawyer to maximise your chances of getting it right the first time.

You have one month from your arrival in Spain to complete the TIE application process.

You will need:

• A valid passport and a photocopy. It is stated that the photocopy must be of every page. In practice this is not often asked for, but it is highly recommended to have this ready just in case.
• Application Form Modelo EX-23 for UK citizens.
• Recent Colour Passport Photos. These should measure 32 x 26mm with a white background.
• Visa or Work Permit.
• Form Model 790 Code 012. Proof of payment of the relevant fee.
  This must be paid in advance at a Spanish bank. You don’t need an account with the bank, but if you don’t, you can only pay in cash.
• Document confirming your affiliation or registration with Social Security
• Padrón certificate
• Appointment Confirmation. As part of the application process, you will need to show a printout of the confirmation of your appointment, which is typically sent by email.
• Depending on your status: Proof of job offer or contract.

Once you have your documents, you make an appointment to apply at your nearest immigration office or police station. You do this through the SEDE Electrónica (Spanish government’s electronic office). The type of appointment (cita) you need is:

• POLICIA-TOMA DE HUELLA (EXPEDICIÓN DE TARJETA), RENOVACIÓN DE TARJETA DE LARGA DURACIÓN Y DUPLICADO

which is one of the drop-down options under TRÁMITES POLICÍA NACIONAL.

Important note: You can only apply at an office in the province (provincia) you live in. I was once denied my TIE for applying to a different province, but it does happen!  At your appointment, as well as supplying your documents, you will have a fingerprint taken. At the end of your appointment, you will be issued a receipt (resguardo) with a batch number (lote) for your application. This allows you to track when the card will be available for collection (usually between four to six weeks).

You will then need to make an appointment at the same place to pick it up. Use the POLICIA – RECOGIDA DE TARJETA DE IDENTIDAD DE EXTRANJERO (TIE) option for this on the SEDE Electrónica form.

Making the Move to Spain from the UK

Shipping and Removals

Depending on where you’re moving from in the UK to where your dream destination in Spain is located, you will have to move your possessions around 1,000 miles (1,600km). Logistically, this isn’t too bad. There are several professional removal companies that can assist. As with the recommendation to use a Spanish immigration lawyer for your visa residency applications, I strongly urge you to use one of these.

Tip: You can get 5 quotes from regulated companies using this easy tool >> Moving Company Quotes

Post-Brexit Regulations

However, since Brexit, Spanish customs duty and VAT regulations come into play. These have made the process more complex and expensive. Simply loading your car or van with your belongings and heading south is no longer an option.

To avoid having to pay customs duty, you must show you have lived outside Spain for a minimum of a year before moving. Additionally, the belongings you import should have been used by you for at least six months before the moving date. To avoid import duties, they need to meet specific exemption requirements. A letter from your local council stating you have lived in the area for over a year will suffice. But, in practice, this can be difficult to obtain. Council advice to use utility bills is incorrect.

If you cannot prove you have lived outside Spain for over a year before your move, you will have to pay a percentage of your belongings’ value as customs duty. In calculating this, exempt items include personal items for family or home use, domestic animals, portable work tools and vehicles for private use. Items not exempted include alcohol, tobacco products exceeding standard limits, commercial transport, and imports for professional use.

Professional removal companies are across all of the above. They will help you compile your inventory and estimate likely customs duties (the actual amount will be calculated by customs at the point of entry into the EU (usually France or Spain). Moreover, they will deal with all the customs paperwork before and during the move. Money very well spent, in my opinion. Get five free removal quotes from our partners.

Tip: Moving house is always an excellent opportunity to let go of those items you haven’t used in years. Realising you may have to pay customs duty on things forces you to consider whether you really need them—be ruthless in your decluttering!

Pets

Naturally, you want your pets to relocate as stress-free as possible. If you only use professional help in one area of your move to Spain, it is this one.

Read More: Moving to Spain with your Dog & Other Pets

Unsurprisingly, there is a time-sensitive process to follow and specific documents to be sourced. The key players here are your vet and a professional pet transportation company, who will handle all the non-vet areas—additional paperwork, transportation, customs clearance, and more.

Before your pets can move, you must ensure they have a microchip that meets ISO standards and a rabies vaccination administered at least 21 days before departure. Additional recommended vaccines for dogs and cats include Distemper, Hepatitis, Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza, Parvovirus, Bordetella (for dogs) and Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, and Panleukopenia (for cats). Your vet will advise.

After this, your vet will generate an EU Health Certificate for each pet. This must be dated within ten days of travel. Note that banned dog breeds in Spain include the Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Rottweiler, and others.

In parallel, coordinate carefully with your pet transporter. They will work to certain dates based on ferry and train crossings and where they have to deliver other pets (your pet will almost certainly travel with a handful of others). When you agree on a convenient date, work with your vet to arrange the vaccinations and documents at the correct times.

Tu Casa: Finding Your Place in Spain

Your UK Property — Sell or Rent Out?

If you have a property in the UK, the usual question is whether to sell it or rent it out. There is no right answer, only the one that works for you. It depends on your personal circumstances and finances.

The advice I would offer is not to let the fact you have a UK property be the reason you decide not to move to Spain. If you sell, there is nothing to worry about (but be careful with capital gains tax). And if you rent, give yourself peace of mind by using a property management company or estate agent that offers this service.

Insider Tip: Speak to a qualified Spain/UK financial planner to find out how UK Expats can minimise capital gains and other taxation before, during, and after your move.

Your Property in Spain

Once again, you face the buy or rent question. Again, the answer is what best suits your needs and circumstances.

Renting Property in Spain

With long-term renting (a year or more), both Spain and the UK have measures in place protecting tenants’ rights. However, Spain’s recent Housing Law (Ley de Viviendas, 2023) — aimed at creating a more balanced and fair rental market — arguably makes long-term renting more stable and secure for tenants. We cover this in more detail in Renting Property in Spain 2024.

Renting advantages include the flexibility to explore different regions without long-term commitments. It’s ideal if you’re unsure about which area suits you best. Also, the initial costs are lower than those for buying a property. Typically, you’ll need a deposit (one to two months’ rent), the first month’s rent, and sometimes an agency fee (which is usually around a month’s rent). Plus, there are fewer official and legal requirements.

From a tenant’s perspective, short-term renting in Spain, which includes rentals for up to 11 months, offers flexibility but comes with fewer rights and protections compared to long-term rentals. For example, there is no automatic rental renewal and no rent increase limits. If you need to break a short-term rental agreement for personal reasons, you are in the hands of your landlord/lady. I have had to do this once, and the landlady was very understanding, but I was lucky.

Nonetheless, short-term rent can be great for your first few months in Spain. For a deeper dive into this see our Finding Short-term Rentals in Spain article.

Resources for Renting

In addition to local estate agents (inmobiliarias), online property agencies such as Idealista, Fotocasa, and Habitaclia provide excellent shop windows for what is available. All three are available in English.

Buying Property in Spain

You can still buy a property in Spain after Brexit. And the main differences between buying a property in Spain and the UK haven’t changed. These include putting up a deposit (not a mortgage deposit), different property taxes and fees, and having to sign before a notary. We go into the process more deeply in How to Buy a Property in Spain.

You can still use your property however you wish — live in it all year round, rent it out, or short- or long-term let it. What has changed, though, are the tax implications of renting it out. Before Brexit, UK citizens paid the same tax on property rental income as other EU citizens: 19% and rental expenses could be offset against your tax bill. Now, as non-EU citizens, the tax rate is 24% and rental expenses cannot be claimed against tax.

Rent or buy, another aspect in deciding where to live in Spain is ‘location, location, location’. When considering this, it is advised to take into account that, just like the UK, different regions offer unique characteristics. Researching these and understanding your options is worthwhile and can make a pleasant project. We cover the major cities and regions on our Destinations page.

Finance in Spain

When moving from the UK to Spain, it’s critical to carefully plan your finances to ensure a comfortable and stress-free life. The financial implications can be complex, so enlisting professional advice is vital. Brexit has changed the situation in this regard.

Cost Of Living In Spain vs the UK

For most people moving from the UK to Spain, your cost of living will drop. Our detailed research shows that the cost of living in Spain is around 24% cheaper than in the UK.

That headline figure takes a like-for-like lifestyle swap, so you’ll need to do your own calculations. Our simple Spain cost-of-living calculator will help you to work out your Spanish budget and compare it to your UK spending.

Banking

Some UK banks have closed the accounts of expats living in the EU due to regulatory changes from Brexit. Barclays is an example. There are UK banks that will allow you to operate a UK bank account while you live in Spain. But there can be restrictions, such as not being able to open other UK accounts, ISAs, etc.

It is recommended that you open an account with a Spanish bank or with one of the online/neobanks. For more information, see our regularly updated Best Banks in Spain for Expats index.

When it comes to Spanish banks, over the years, I have found them to be generally welcoming to foreigners and usually provide English-speaking support. Happily, I still see the old-school ethos of knowing your bank manager or a particular cashier personally existing in Spain, even in the cities. Some banks allow you to open a non-resident account before moving to Spain (I did this with Santander). See our guide on How to Open a Spanish Bank Account.

Currency and Foreign Exchange Rates

Fluctuations in the Sterling/Euro exchange rate can significantly impact your purchasing power and cost of living. I maintain a Wise account in Sterling and one in Euros. With this, I can set moving money from one account to the other to automatically trigger at the exchange rate I choose. Explore the best ways to transfer money to Spain from the UK .

Legal and Tax Considerations

One of the most significant changes for UK citizens moving to Spain after Brexit is in the area of taxation As a Spanish resident, you will be subject to Spanish tax laws and requirements. This includes income tax, capital gains tax, inheritance tax, and more.

Read More >> Spanish Tax System Guide – Expat Essentials 2024

You may need to file tax returns in both the UK and Spain and ensure you are meeting all obligations in both countries.

Tip: I strongly urge you to seek advice from a specialist tax professional. You can book an appointment with our chosen UK-Spain cross-border taxation expert here. Here is a brief overview of some significant changes:

Tax Item	Post-Brexit Changes
Non-Resident Income Tax	Certain tax exemptions previously available to EU citizens in Spain have been removed for UK citizens. These include exemptions on interest, capital gains, dividends, and fees related to personal property, subsidiary companies, pension funds, and capital gains reinvested in a Spanish residence.
Loss of Tax Exemptions	UK citizens can no longer benefit from certain tax exemptions previously available to EU citizens in Spain. These include exemptions on interest, capital gains, dividends, and fees related to personal property, subsidiary companies, pension funds, and capital gains reinvested in a Spanish residence.
Tax Residency Requirements	To maintain Spanish tax residency, UK citizens with a Spanish residence permit must now stay in the country for at least 183 days a year. This means paying income tax on worldwide income, not just Spanish-sourced income.
Wealth Tax	This may apply with rates from 7.65% to 34%, depending on the relationship to the deceased and the amount inherited.
Inheritance Tax	This may apply with rates from 7.65% to 34% depending on the relationship to the deceased and the amount inherited.

Read More >> Personal Income Tax Spain >> La Renta & IRPF Explained

Financial Planning for Your Move

There are ways to structure pensions and investments more tax-efficiently for Spanish residents. We recommend speaking to our International Financial Planner as soon as you can. Deciding when to cash out pensions, sell houses, and convert investments can save you tens of thousands of pounds.

Pensions and Benefits

Your UK state pension and any private pensions will continue to be paid, but the amounts may be affected by currency exchange rates and Spanish tax laws. Since Brexit, UK pensions are taxed as regular income in Spain, with no special treatment. Investment accounts — such as ISAs — no longer have tax-free status for Spanish residents, and gains are subject to capital gains tax. Additionally, you may lose certain UK benefits, like the winter fuel payment. Eligibility for Spanish benefits will depend on your residency status and contributions.

Read More >> Our Top 10 Financial Planning Tips For Moving from the UK to Spain.

Living in Spain After Brexit

Navigating Healthcare in Spain

Spain has a universal public healthcare system like the UK’s NHS called the Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS). This system provides free or low-cost medical care to all Spanish citizens and legal residents. The system is managed by Spain’s autonomous regions. Like the NHS in the UK, services are generally free at the point of delivery, with some exceptions, like prescription medicines and certain medical supplies.

Access to Spain’s public healthcare system will depend on your residency and visa status. It is important to note the UK’s European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) is no longer valid for UK citizens in Spain since Brexit (but current cards can be used until expiry). Now, UK citizens on temporary stays in Spain must have the UK Global Health Insurance Card GHIC) to access emergency medical treatment.

To access public healthcare in Spain, you must register at your local INSS (Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social) office. If you receive a UK state pension or certain other benefits, you may be eligible for an S1 form (obtained from the NHS in the UK), which allows you to register with the INSS for Spanish healthcare with the costs covered by the UK.

Certain work permits grant access to Spanish healthcare, but, like the UK, a portion of your income tax will pay for this. If you are not eligible for an S1 form, you can either opt for private health insurance or subscribe for a monthly fee to the Convenio Especial, a public healthcare scheme.

We have a range of helpful guides surrounding healthcare in Spain:

• Finding Healthcare in Spain >> Private v Public
• Spanish Health Insurance for Residency & Visas
• Private Health Insurance Spain >> How to Pick Perfect Cover
• Health Insurance in Spain for Over 75s
• Health Insurance in Spain with Pre-existing Conditions

You Have Your Visa: What You Must Do Next?

One thing is for sure: there is nearly always something bureaucratic to do in Spain. Remember, don’t fight the system; go with it! It is recommended that you keep on top of these things. It is a myth that the Spanish authorities won’t catch up with you.

My advice is to maintain an ‘Admin’ calendar with reminders to initiate, renew and update the various processes and their steps. Include items such as:

• TIE
  – Initial process steps: Set Appointment, Forms and Documents, Photos, Fee Payment
  – Renewal
• Padrón
  – Initial process
  – Updates (to support other processes), Renewal
• Driving Licence exchange
• Tax Declaration (La Renta)
• Insurance – health, house, car
• Utilities – set up, monitor bills

The Importance of Learning Spanish

I cannot emphasize enough that mastering the basics increases your happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life in Spain immeasurably. Interacting reasonably well with the Spanish is very rewarding—and it’s fun to try!

Aside from making daily tasks easier, you will be able to build social connections and understand the nuances of Spanish culture. Learning a language may not come easily to you. But give it a go.

There are many resources available for learning Spanish, such as language courses, apps, and online tools. I wish I’d had all these options when I arrived in Spain many years ago.

Read More >> Best Ways to Learn Spanish >> Our Tips and Resources

It’s also fun to supplement whatever learning method you choose. For example, use Netflix and other streaming services to watch Spanish programmes with English subtitles. You’ll quickly pick up the common phrases. Then progress to Spanish programmes with Spanish subtitles. Then remove the subtitles…

My personal benchmark is that if you can pick up the phone and call the plumber and have him/her come around to fix your leaking tap as arranged, you are well on your way to fluency!

Driving and Public Transport in Spain

UK driving licences were valid for use in Spain before Brexit. But now you need to exchange your UK licence for a Spanish one. This process is straightforward and doesn’t require retaking your driving test.

You do need to take a specific psicotécnico test approved by the Spanish Ministry of Health. This assesses your visual, auditory, coordination, and reaction skills to ensure competency to drive. It takes about 15 minutes, and the certificate issued is valid for three months. You will need this when you exchange licences. If you fail, the test can be taken multiple times. In my opinion, it is not an onerous test, so there is no need to be apprehensive.

Importantly, you have three months from the beginning of your Spanish residency to exchange your licence. You need to make an appointment at one of the appointed DGT (Dirección General de Tráfico) offices. You can make the appointment online. In some areas away from the major cities, it can be extremely difficult to get an appointment. In this case, you can go to a DGT office outside the province where you live (unlike the TIE appointment). I drove a round trip of nearly 900km to Madrid for mine!

One thing to note is that the DGT will keep your UK licence, so if you’re sentimental about these things, be strong! The good news is that you can drive in the UK with your Spanish licence if you visit.

Read More >> Our Guide to Your Spanish Driver’s Licence

Public Transport

Public transport in Spain is excellent, with an extensive public transport system of buses, trains, metro systems and internal flights. This provides a convenient and cost-effective way to get around. In my experience, these provide a better quality of service than the UK in terms of reliability, speed, comfort, and value for money. Many people I know in Madrid do not own a car. They use the excellent Madrid transport system, only occasionally renting a car if they need to go to ‘el quinto pino’ (‘the back of beyond’).

Read More >> Transportation in Spain

Education in Spain

The Spanish education system offers a range of options for all ages.

Public Schools (State Schools in the UK)

Spain has a robust public education system free and open to all children residing in the country, including those from the UK. The curriculum and teaching are in Spanish, so learning the language is essential for UK students.

Private International Schools

There are many private international schools in Spain offering English-language curriculum qualifications like A-Levels or the International Baccalaureate. These schools can be a good option if you want your children to have or maintain a British-style education.

Bilingual Schools

Some public and private schools in Spain offer bilingual programs, teaching core subjects in both Spanish and English. This can be a good compromise for UK families who want their children to learn Spanish while also maintaining English proficiency.

University and College Access

Post-Brexit, the UK and Spain have a reciprocal agreement to allow university access for students from both countries. UK students can enter Spanish universities with their A-Levels without the need to sit the Spanish university entrance exam.

However, tuition fees for UK students in Spain may increase compared to before Brexit. Also, the Erasmus program is no longer available for UK students. Our Spanish University Guide for International Students will assist in your planning.

Overall, UK citizens have several quality education options for their children in Spain after Brexit, but navigating the system may require additional planning and preparation.

Read More >> How to Choose the Best Education for Your Child

Building a New Life in Spain

With everything set up — visa, residency, healthcare, work, home, schools, etc — here comes the fun part: building your life in Spain. Integrating into Spanish life requires you to take the initiative, but the result is rewarding. Here are some tried and trusted methods.

Cultural Events

This is my favourite way to immerse yourself in Spanish culture and meet new people. Spain has a rich culture with many festivals, fiestas, and events throughout the year. Depending on where you live, there is a good chance there are regular events in your area. Attend these and soak up the experience. I have met many people of many nationalities simply by being at an event or gathering.

UK Expat Communities

There are many active UK expat communities in Spain, especially in and around the major cities. Joining expat groups, clubs, and organizations allows you to connect with others who have gone through a similar experience of moving to Spain. You can find valuable support, advice, and social activities within them.

Language Classes

Taking Spanish language classes is not only helpful for improving your language skills. They also provide an opportunity to meet new people and make friends. You can join a class or have one-to-one tuition. Additionally, language schools may organize social events and outings for their students. And when learning Spanish always remember two things: don’t be afraid to make a mistake and have fun!

Volunteering

Volunteering is an excellent way to give back to your new community while expanding your social circle.

Online Forums and Social Media

Online forums and social media groups are valuable resources for connecting with other UK expats. In my opinion, Facebook is the best place to search for local communities. These have become even more helpful since Brexit as their role as an online support service for everyday queries has become even more useful.

Also, don’t forget local Facebook groups in Spanish for your area. Here you will get a deeper, native Spanish look into your area and pick up some language (slang included!).

Remember, building a new life in Spain takes time and effort, but by actively engaging with the local culture, community, and other expats, you can create a fulfilling and enriching experience for yourself and your family.

Conclusion and Next Steps

Making a life for you and your family in Spain is extremely rewarding. The key to making your move to Spain from the UK happen is careful planning and attention to administrative and financial details.

The effects of Brexit on moving to Spain from the UK are felt in many areas — visa requirements, customs duties, work, tax law and more. This has added more processes with more steps and increased the complexity. Using the services of an expert Spanish immigration lawyer and other professionals is strongly recommended to make the process as stress-free and smooth as possible. But it is still very much achievable. One look at any of the Facebook groups that help with moving to Spain from the UK proves this.

Be strong, be decisive, and be ready for some bumps along the way. Life in Spain makes it all worthwhile.

Moving to Spain From The UK >> FAQs